TY - JOUR
T1 - Genome-wide association study of long COVID
AU - Long COVID Host Genetics Initiative
AU - FinnGen
AU - Bonn Study of COVID Genetics (BoSCO)
AU - Banque québécoise de la COVID-19 (BQC19)
AU - Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)
AU - VA Million Veteran Program
AU - MexGen-COVID Initiative
AU - COVID-19 Host Immune Response Pathogenesis Study (CHIRP)
AU - COVID-19 Genomics Network (C19-GenoNet)
AU - UnderstandingSociety: UK Household Longitudinal Study
AU - UK Biobank (UKB)
AU - TwinsUK
AU - Tirschenreuth Study (TiKoCo)
AU - Follow-UP study of patients with critical COVID-19 (SweCovid) and COVID-19 Cohort Study of the University Hospital of the Technical University Munich (Muenchen rechts der Isar) (COMRI)
AU - Penn Medicine BioBank (PMBB)
AU - Norwegian Mother Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
AU - DBDS Genomic Consortium
AU - Genomes for Life (GCAT) and Cohort COVID in Catalonia (COVICAT study)
AU - Extended Cohort for E-health, Environment and DNA (EXCEED)
AU - GEN-COVID Multicenter Study
AU - Mount Sinai COVID Biobank (MSCIC)
AU - Lifelines
AU - Japan COVID-19 Task Force
AU - Genome-wide assessment of the gene variants associated with severe COVID-19 phenotype in Iran (IrCovid)
AU - Covid-19 Ioannina Biobank
AU - Helix–Helix Exome+ and Healthy Nevada Project COVID-19 Phenotypes
AU - Genotek
AU - Genetics of Long Covid (GOLD)
AU - PHOSP-COVID Collaborative Group
AU - GENCOV Study
AU - MassGeneralBrigham (MGB)
AU - Genome Database of the Latvian Population (LGDB)
AU - Estonian Biobank Research Team
AU - Fondazione COVID-19 Genomic Study (FOGS)
AU - Lammi, Vilma
AU - Nakanishi, Tomoko
AU - Jones, Samuel E.
AU - Andrews, Shea J.
AU - Karjalainen, Juha
AU - Cortés, Beatriz
AU - O’Brien, Heath E.
AU - Ochoa-Guzman, Ana
AU - Fulton-Howard, Brian E.
AU - Broberg, Martin
AU - Haapaniemi, Hele H.
AU - Kanai, Masahiro
AU - Pirinen, Matti
AU - Schmidt, Axel
AU - Mitchell, Ruth E.
AU - Mousas, Abdou
AU - Mangino, Massimo
AU - Huerta-Chagoya, Alicia
AU - Sinnott-Armstrong, Nasa
AU - Cirulli, Elizabeth T.
AU - Vaudel, Marc
AU - Kwong, Alex S.F.
AU - Maiti, Amit K.
AU - Marttila, Minttu M.
AU - Posner, Daniel C.
AU - Rodriguez, Alexis A.
AU - Batini, Chiara
AU - Minnai, Francesca
AU - Dearman, Anna R.
AU - Warmerdam, C. A.Robert
AU - Sequeros, Celia B.
AU - Winkler, Thomas W.
AU - Jordan, Daniel M.
AU - Rešcenko, Raimonds
AU - Miano, Lorenzo
AU - Lane, Jacqueline M.
AU - Chung, Ryan K.
AU - Guillen-Guio, Beatriz
AU - Leavy, Olivia C.
AU - Carvajal-Silva, Laura
AU - Aguilar-Valdés, Kevin
AU - Frangione, Erika
AU - Guare, Lindsay
AU - Vergasova, Ekaterina
AU - Marouli, Eirini
AU - Striano, Pasquale
AU - Zainulabid, Ummu Afeera
AU - Kumar, Ashutosh
AU - Ahmad, Hajar Fauzan
AU - Echeverria, Cesar A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2025.
PY - 2025/6
Y1 - 2025/6
N2 - Infections can lead to persistent symptoms and diseases such as shingles after varicella zoster or rheumatic fever after streptococcal infections. Similarly, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infection can result in long coronavirus disease (COVID), typically manifesting as fatigue, pulmonary symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. The biological mechanisms behind long COVID remain unclear. We performed a genome-wide association study for long COVID including up to 6,450 long COVID cases and 1,093,995 population controls from 24 studies across 16 countries. We discovered an association of FOXP4 with long COVID, independent of its previously identified association with severe COVID-19. The signal was replicated in 9,500 long COVID cases and 798,835 population controls. Given the transcription factor FOXP4’s role in lung physiology and pathology, our findings highlight the importance of lung function in the pathophysiology of long COVID.
AB - Infections can lead to persistent symptoms and diseases such as shingles after varicella zoster or rheumatic fever after streptococcal infections. Similarly, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infection can result in long coronavirus disease (COVID), typically manifesting as fatigue, pulmonary symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. The biological mechanisms behind long COVID remain unclear. We performed a genome-wide association study for long COVID including up to 6,450 long COVID cases and 1,093,995 population controls from 24 studies across 16 countries. We discovered an association of FOXP4 with long COVID, independent of its previously identified association with severe COVID-19. The signal was replicated in 9,500 long COVID cases and 798,835 population controls. Given the transcription factor FOXP4’s role in lung physiology and pathology, our findings highlight the importance of lung function in the pathophysiology of long COVID.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105005985184&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/s41588-025-02100-w
DO - 10.1038/s41588-025-02100-w
M3 - Article
C2 - 40399555
AN - SCOPUS:105005985184
SN - 1061-4036
VL - 57
SP - 1402
EP - 1417
JO - Nature Genetics
JF - Nature Genetics
IS - 6
ER -
